BIP: 345
  Layer: Consensus (soft fork)
  Title: OP_VAULT
  Author: James O'Beirne <vaults@au92.org>
          Greg Sanders <gsanders87@gmail.com>
          Anthony Towns <aj@erisian.com.au>
  Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0345
  Status: Draft
  Type: Standards Track
  Created: 2023-02-03
  License: BSD-3-Clause
  Post-History: 2023-01-09: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2023-January/021318.html [bitcoin-dev] OP_VAULT announcement
                2023-03-01: https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2023-March/021510.html [bitcoin-dev] BIP for OP_VAULT

Introduction

This BIP proposes two new tapscript opcodes that add consensus support for a specialized covenant: OP_VAULT and OP_VAULT_RECOVER. These opcodes, in conjunction with OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY (BIP-0119), allow users to enforce a delay period before designated coins may be spent to an arbitrary destination, with the exception of a prespecified "recovery" path. At any time prior to final withdrawal, the coins can be spent to the recovery path.

Copyright

This document is licensed under the 3-clause BSD license.

Motivation

The hazard of custodying Bitcoin is well-known. Users of Bitcoin must go to significant effort to secure their private keys, and hope that once provisioned their custody system does not yield to any number of evolving and persistent threats. Users have little means to intervene once a compromise is detected. This proposal introduces a mechanism that significantly mitigates the worst-case outcome of key compromise: coin loss.

Introducing a way to intervene during unexpected spends allows users to incorporate highly secure key storage methods or unusual fallback strategies that are only exercised in the worst case, and which may otherwise be operationally prohibitive. The goal of this proposal is to make this strategy usable for custodians of any size with minimal complication.

Example uses

A common configuration for an individual custodying Bitcoin is "single signature and passphrase" using a hardware wallet. A user with such a configuration might be concerned about the risk associated with relying on a single manufacturer for key management, as well as physical access to the hardware.

This individual can use OP_VAULT to make use of a highly secure key as the unlikely recovery path, while using their existing signing procedure as the withdrawal trigger key with a configured spend delay of e.g. 1 day.

The recovery path key can be of a highly secure nature that might otherwise make it impractical for daily use. For example, the key could be generated in some analog fashion, or on an old computer that is then destroyed, with the private key replicated only in paper form. Or the key could be a 2-of-3 multisig using devices from different manufacturers. Perhaps the key is geographically or socially distributed.

Since it can be any Bitcoin script policy, the recovery key can include a number of spending conditions, e.g. a time-delayed fallback to an "easier" recovery method, in case the highly secure key winds up being too highly secure.

The user can run software on their mobile device that monitors the blockchain for spends of the vault outpoints. If the vaulted coins move in an unexpected way, the user can immediately sweep them to the recovery path, but spending the coins on a daily basis works in the same way it did prior to vaulting (aside from the spend delay).

Institutional custodians of Bitcoin may use vaults in similar fashion.

Provable timelocks

This proposal provides a mitigation to the "$5 wrench attack." By setting the spend delay to, say, a week, and using as the recovery path a script that enforces a longer relative timelock, the owner of the vault can prove that he is unable to access its value immediately. To the author's knowledge, this is the only way to configure this defense without rolling timelocked coins for perpetuity or relying on a trusted third party.

Goals

Vaults in Bitcoin have been discussed formally since 2016 (MES16) and informally since 2014. The value of having a configurable delay period with recovery capability in light of an unexpected spend has been widely recognized.

The only way to implement vaults given the existing consensus rules, aside from [https://github.com/revault emulating vaults with large multisig configurations], is to use presigned transactions created with a one-time-use key. This approach was first demonstrated in 2020.

Unfortunately, this approach has a number of practical shortcomings:

• generating and securely deleting ephemeral keys, which are used to emulate the vault covenant, is required,
• amounts and withdrawal patterns must be precommitted to,
• there is a necessity to precommit to an address that the funds must pass through on their way to the final withdrawal target, which is likely only known at unvault time,
• the particular fee management technique or wallet must be decided upon vault creation,
• coin loss follows if a vault address is reused,
• the transaction data that represents the "bearer asset" of the vault must be stored for perpetuity, otherwise value is lost, and
• the vault creation ceremony must be performed each time a new balance is to be deposited.

The deployment of a "precomputed" covenant mechanism like OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY or SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT would both remove the necessity to use an ephemeral key, since the covenant is enforced on-chain, and lessen the burden of sensitive data storage, since the necessary transactions can be generated from a set of compact parameters. This approach was demonstrated [https://github.com/jamesob/simple-ctv-vault in 2022].

However, the limitations of precomputation still apply: amounts, destinations, and fee management are all fixed. Funds must flow through a fixed intermediary to their final destination. Batch operations, which may be vital for successful recovery during fee spikes or short spend delay, are not possible.

Having a "general" covenant mechanism that can encode arbitrary transactional state machines would allow us to solve these issues, but at the cost of complex and large scripts that would probably be duplicated many times over in the blockchain. The particular design and deployment timeline of such a general framework is also uncertain. This approach was demonstrated in 2016.

This proposal intends to address the problems outlined above by providing a delay period/recovery path use with minimal transactional and operational overhead using a specialized covenant.

The design goals of the proposal are:

• efficient reuse of an existing vault configuration.Why does this support address reuse? The proposal doesn't rely on or encourage address reuse, but certain uses are unsafe if address reuse cannot be handled - for example, if a custodian gives its users a vault address to deposit to, it cannot enforce that those users make a single deposit for each address. A single vault configuration, whether the same literal scriptPubKey or not, should be able to “receive” multiple deposits.

• batched operations for recovery and withdrawal to allow managing multiple vault coins efficiently.

• unbounded partial withdrawals, which allows users to withdraw partial vault balances without having to perform the setup ceremony for a new vault.

• dynamic unvault targets, which allow the proposed withdrawal target for a vault to be specified at withdrawal time rather than when the vault is first created. This would remove the need for a prespecified, intermediate wallet that only exists to route unvaulted funds to their desired destination.

• dynamic fee management that, like dynamic targets, defers the specification of fee rates and source to unvault time rather than vault creation time.

These goals are accompanied by basic safety considerations (e.g. not being vulnerable to mempool pinning) and a desire for concision, both in terms of the number of outputs created as well as script sizes.

This proposal is designed to be compatible with any future sighash modes (e.g. SIGHASH_GROUP) or fee management strategies (e.g. transaction sponsors) that may be introduced. Use of these opcodes will benefit from, but do not strictly rely on, v3 transaction relay and ephemeral anchors.

Design

In typical usage, a vault is created by encumbering coins under a taptree (BIP-341) containing at least two leaves: one with an OP_VAULT-containing script that facilitates the expected withdrawal process, and another leaf with OP_VAULT_RECOVER which ensures the coins can be recovered at any time prior to withdrawal finalization.

The rules of OP_VAULT ensure the timelocked, interruptible withdrawal by allowing a spending transaction to replace the OP_VAULT tapleaf with a prespecified script template, allowing for some parameters to be set at spend (trigger) time. All other leaves in the taptree must be unchanged in the destination output, which preserves the recovery path as well as any other spending conditions originally included in the vault. This is similar to the TAPLEAF_UPDATE_VERIFY design that was proposed in 2021.

These tapleaf replacement rules, described more precisely below, ensure a timelocked withdrawal, where the timelock is fixed by the original OP_VAULT parameters, to a fixed set of outputs (via OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFYWhy is OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY (BIP-119) relied upon for this proposal? During the withdrawal process, the proposed final destination for value being withdrawn must be committed to. OP_CTV is the simplest, safest way to commit the spend of some coins to a particular set of outputs. An earlier version of this proposal attempted to use a simpler, but similar method, of locking the spend of coins to a set of outputs, but this method introduced txid malleability.
Note that if some other method of locking spends to a particular set of outputs should be deployed, that method can be used in the OP_VAULT <leaf-update-script-body> with no changes.) which is chosen when the withdrawal process is triggered.

While OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY is used in this proposal as the preferred method to bind the proposed withdrawal to a particular set of final outputs, OP_VAULT is composable with other (and future) opcodes to facilitate other kinds of withdrawal processes.

Transaction types

The vault has a number of stages, some of them optional:

• vault transaction: encumbers some coins into a Taproot structure that includes at least one OP_VAULT leaf and one OP_VAULT_RECOVER leaf.

• trigger transaction: spends one or more OP_VAULT-tapleaf inputs into an output which is encumbered by a timelocked withdrawal to a fixed set of outputs, chosen at trigger time. This publicly broadcasts the intent to withdraw to some specific set of outputs.
  
  The trigger transaction may have an additional output which allocates some of the vault balance into a partial "revault," which simply encumbers the revaulted portion of the value into the same scriptPubKey as the OP_VAULT-containing input(s) being spent.

• withdrawal transaction: spends the timelocked, destination-locked trigger inputs into a compatible set of final withdrawal outputs (per, e.g., a CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY hash), after the trigger inputs have matured per the spend delay. Timelocked CTV transactions are the motivating usage of OP_VAULT, but any script template can be specified during the creation of the vault.

• recovery transaction: spends one or more vault inputs via OP_VAULT_RECOVER tapleaf to the prespecified recovery path, which can be done at any point before the withdrawal transaction confirms. Each input can optionally require a witness satisfying a specified recovery authorization script, an optional script prefixing the OP_VAULT_RECOVER fragment. The use of recovery authorization has certain trade-offs discussed later.

Fee management

A primary consideration of this proposal is how fee management is handled. Providing dynamic fee management is critical to the operation of a vault, since

• precalculated fees are prone to making transactions unconfirmable in high fee environments, and
• a fee wallet that is prespecified might be compromised or lost before use.

But dynamic fee management can introduce pinning vectors. Care has been taken to avoid unnecessarily introducing these vectors when using the new destination-based spending policies that this proposal introduces.

Originally, this proposal had a hard dependency on reformed transaction nVersion=3 policies, including ephemeral anchors, but it has since been revised to simply benefit from these changes in policy as well as other potential fee management mechanisms.

Specification

The tapscript opcodes OP_SUCCESS187 (0xbb) and OP_SUCCESS188 (0xbc) are constrained with new rules to implement OP_VAULT and OP_VAULT_RECOVER, respectively.

OP_VAULT evaluation

When evaluating OP_VAULT (OP_SUCCESS187, 0xbb), the expected format of the stack, shown top to bottom, is:

<leaf-update-script-body>
<push-count>
[ <push-count> leaf-update script data items ... ]
<trigger-vout-idx>
<revault-vout-idx>
<revault-amount>

where

• <leaf-update-script-body> is a minimally-encoded data push of a serialized script. In conjunction with the leaf-update data items, it dictates the tapleaf script in the output taptree that will replace the one currently executing.

  • Otherwise, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.

• <push-count> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded CScriptNum indicating how many leaf-update script items should be popped off the stack. Why only prefix with data pushes? Prefixing the leaf-update-script-body with opcodes opens up the door to prefix OP_SUCCESSX opcodes, to name a single issue only, side-stepping the validation that was meant to be run by the committed script.

  • If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is less than 0, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If there are fewer than 3 items following the <push-count> items on the stack, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately. In other words, after popping <leaf-update-script-body>, there must be at least 3 + <push-count> items remaining on the stack.

• The following <push-count> stack items are popped off the stack and prefixed as minimally-encoded push-data arguments to the <leaf-update-script-body> to construct the expected tapleaf replacement script.

• <trigger-vout-idx> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded CScriptNum indicating the index of the output which, in conjunction with an optional revault output, carries forward the value of this input, and has an identical taptree aside from the currently executing leaf.

  • If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is less than 0 or is greater than or equal to the number of outputs, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.

• <revault-vout-idx> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded CScriptNum optionally indicating the index of an output which, in conjunction with the trigger output, carries forward the value of this input, and has an identical scriptPubKey to the current input.

  • If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is greater than or equal to the number of outputs, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is negative and not equal to -1, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.Why is -1 the only allowable negative value for revault-vout-idx? A negative revault index indicates that no revault output exists; if this value were allowed to be any negative number, the witness could be malleated (and bloated) while a transaction is waiting for confirmation.

• <revault-amount> is an up to 7-byte minimally encoded CScriptNum indicating the number of satoshis being revaulted.

  • If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is not greater than or equal to 0, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is non-zero but <revault-vout-idx> is negative, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is zero but <revault-vout-idx> is not -1, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.

After the stack is parsed, the following validation checks are performed:

• Decrement the per-script sigops budget (see user-content-Resource_limits BIP-0342) by 60Why is the sigops cost for OP_VAULT set to 60? To determine the validity of a trigger output, OP_VAULT must perform an EC multiplication and hashing proportional to the length of the control block in order to generate the output's expected TapTweak. This has been measured to have a cost in the worst case (max length control block) of roughly twice a Schnorr verification. Because the hashing cost could be mitigated by caching midstate, the cost is 60 and not 100.; if the budget is brought below zero, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
• Let the output designated by <trigger-vout-idx> be called triggerOut.
• If the scriptPubKey of triggerOut is not a version 1 witness program, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
• Let the script constructed by taking the <leaf-update-script-body> and prefixing it with minimally-encoded data pushes of the <push-count> leaf-update script data items be called the leaf-update-script.
• If the scriptPubKey of triggerOut does not match that of a taptree that is identical to that of the currently evaluated input, but with the leaf script substituted for leaf-update-script, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • Note: the parity bit of the resulting taproot output is allowed to vary, so both values for the new output must be checked.
• Let the output designated by <revault-vout-idx> (if the index value is non-negative) be called revaultOut.
• If the scriptPubKey of revaultOut is not equal to the scriptPubKey of the input being spent, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
• Implementation recommendation: if the sum of the amounts of triggerOut and revaultOut (if any) are not greater than or equal to the value of this input, script execution SHOULD fail and terminate immediately. This ensures that (at a minimum) the vaulted value for this input is carried through.
  • Amount checks are ultimately done with deferred checks, but this check can help short-circuit obviously invalid spends.
• Queue a deferred checkWhat is a deferred check and why does this proposal require them for correct script evaluation? A deferred check is a validation check that is executed only after all input scripts have been validated, and is based on aggregate information collected during each input's EvalScript run.
  
  Currently, the validity of each input is (usually) checked concurrently across all inputs in a transaction. Because this proposal allows batching the spend of multiple vault inputs into a single recovery or withdrawal output, we need a mechanism to ensure that all expected values per output can be summed and then checked. This necessitates the introduction of an "aggregating" set of checks which can only be executed after each input's script is evaluated. Note that similar functionality would be required for batch input validation or cross-input signature aggregation. that ensures the satoshis for this input's nValue minus <revault-amount> are included within the output nValue found at <trigger-vout-idx>.
• Queue a deferred check that ensures <revault-amount> satoshis, if non-zero, are included within the output's nValue found at <revault-vout-idx>.
  • These deferred checks could be characterized in terms of the pseudocode below (in Deferred checks) as
    TriggerCheck(input_amount, <revault-amount>, <trigger-vout-idx>, <revault-vout-idx>).

If none of the conditions fail, a single true value (0x01) is left on the stack.

OP_VAULT_RECOVER evaluation

When evaluating OP_VAULT_RECOVER (OP_SUCCESS188, 0xbb), the expected format of the stack, shown top to bottom, is:

<recovery-sPK-hash>
<recovery-vout-idx>

where

• <recovery-sPK-hash> is a 32-byte data push.
  • If this is not 32 bytes in length, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
• <recovery-vout-idx> is an up to 4-byte minimally encoded CScriptNum indicating the index of the recovery output.
  • If this value does not decode to a valid CScriptNum, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If this value is less than 0 or is greater than or equal to the number of outputs, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.

After the stack is parsed, the following validation checks are performed:

• Let the output at index <recovery-vout-idx> be called recoveryOut.
• If the scriptPubKey of recoveryOut does not have a tagged hash equal to <recovery-sPK-hash> (tagged_hash("VaultRecoverySPK", recoveryOut.scriptPubKey) == recovery-sPK-hash, where tagged_hash() is from the BIP-0340 reference code), script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • Implementation recommendation: if recoveryOut does not have an nValue greater than or equal to this input's amount, the script SHOULD fail and terminate immediately.
• Queue a deferred check that ensures the nValue of recoveryOut contains the entire nValue of this input.How do recovery transactions pay for fees? If the recovery is unauthorized, fees are attached either via CPFP with an ephemeral anchor or as inputs which are solely spent to fees (i.e. no change output). If the recovery is authorized, fees can be attached in any manner, e.g. unrelated inputs and outputs or CPFP via anchor.
  • This deferred check could be characterized in terms of the pseudocode below as RecoveryCheck(<recovery-vout-idx>, input_amount).

If none of the conditions fail, a single true value (0x01) is left on the stack.

Deferred check evaluation

Once all inputs for a transaction are validated per the rules above, any deferred checks queued MUST be evaluated.

The Python pseudocode for this is as follows:

class TriggerCheck:
    """Queued by evaluation of OP_VAULT (withdrawal trigger)."""
    input_amount: int
    revault_amount: int
    trigger_vout_idx: int
    revault_vout_idx: int


class RecoveryCheck:
    """Queued by evaluation of OP_VAULT_RECOVER."""
    input_amount: int
    vout_idx: int


def validate_deferred_checks(checks: [DeferredCheck], tx: Transaction) -> bool:
    """
    Ensure that all value from vault inputs being triggered or recovered is preserved
    in suitable output nValues.
    """
    # Map to hold expected output values.
    out_map: Dict[int, int] = defaultdict(lambda: 0)

    for c in checks:
        if isinstance(c, TriggerCheck):
            out_map[c.trigger_vout_idx] += (c.input_amount - c.revault_amount)

            if c.revault_amount > 0:
                out_map[c.revault_vout_idx] += c.revault_amount

        elif isinstance(c, RecoveryCheck):
            out_map[c.vout_idx] += c.input_amount

    for (vout_idx, amount_sats) in out_map.items():
        # Trigger/recovery value can be greater than the constituent vault input
        # amounts.
        if tx.vout[vout_idx].nValue < amount_sats:
            return False

    return True

If the above procedure, or an equivalent, returns false, script execution MUST fail and terminate immediately.

This ensures that all compatible vault inputs can be batched into shared corresponding trigger or recovery outputs while preserving their entire input value.

Policy changes

In order to prevent possible pinning attacks, recovery transactions must be replaceable.

• When validating an OP_VAULT_RECOVER input being spent, the script MUST fail (by policy, not consensus) and terminate immediately if bothWhy are recovery transactions required to be replaceable? In the case of unauthorized recoveries, an attacker may attempt to pin recovery transactions by broadcasting a "rebundled" version with a low fee rate. Vault owners must be able to overcome this with replacement. In the case of authorized recovery, if an attacker steals the recovery authorization key, the attacker may try to pin the recovery transaction during theft. Requiring replaceability ensures that the owner can always raise the fee rate of the recovery transaction, even if they are RBF rule 3 griefed in the process.
• the input is not marked as opt-in replaceable by having an nSequence number less than 0xffffffff - 1, per BIP-0125, and
• the version of the recovery transaction has an nVersion other than 3.

If the script containing OP_VAULT_RECOVER is 34 bytes or less34 bytes is the length of a recovery script that consists solely of <recovery-sPK-hash> OP_VAULT_RECOVER., let it be called "unauthorized," because there is no script guarding the recovery process. In order to prevent pinning attacks in the case of unauthorized recovery - since the spend of the input (and the structure of the transaction) is not authorized by a signed signature message - the output structure of unauthorized recovery transaction is limited.

• If the recovery is unauthorized, the recovery transaction MUST (by policy) abide by the following constraints:
  • If the spending transaction has more than two outputs, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately.
  • If the spending transaction has two outputs, and the output which is not recoveryOut is not an ephemeral anchor, the script MUST fail and terminate immediately.Why can unauthorized recoveries only process a single recovery path? Because there is no signature required for unauthorized recoveries, if additional outputs were allowed, someone observing a recovery in the mempool would be able to rebundle and broadcast the recovery with a lower fee rate.

Implementation

A sample implementation is available on bitcoin-inquisition here, with an associated pull request.

Applications

The specification above, perhaps surprisingly, does not specifically cover how a relative timelocked withdrawal process with a fixed target is implemented. The tapleaf update semantics specified in OP_VAULT as well as the output-based authorization enabled by OP_VAULT_RECOVER can be used to implement a vault, but they are incomplete without two other pieces:

• a way to enforce relative timelocks, like OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY, and
• a way to enforce that proposed withdrawals are ultimately being spent to a precise set of outputs, like OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY.

These two pieces are combined with the tapleaf update capabilities of OP_VAULT to create a vault, described below.

Creating a vault

In order to vault coins, they can be spent into a witness v1 scriptPubKey that contains a taptree of the form

tr(<internal-pubkey>,
  leaves = {
    recover:
      <recovery-sPK-hash> OP_VAULT_RECOVER,

    trigger:
      <trigger-auth-pubkey> OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY                     (i)
      <spend-delay> 2 $leaf-update-script-body OP_VAULT,          (ii)

    ... [ possibly other leaves ]
  }
)

where

• $leaf-update-script-body is, for example, OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY.
  • This is one example of a trigger script, but any script fragment can be used, allowing the creation of different types of vaults. For example, you could use OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_CHECKSIG to do a time-delayed transfer of the coins to another key. This also future-proofs OP_VAULT for future scripting capabilities.
• The script fragment in (i) is called the "trigger authorization," because it gates triggering the withdrawal. This can be done in whatever manner the wallet designer would like.
• The script fragment in (ii) is the incomplete OP_VAULT invocation - it will be completed once the rest of the parameters (the CTV target hash, trigger vout index, and revault vout index) are provided by the trigger transaction witness.

Typically, the internal key for the vault taproot output will be specified so that it is controlled by the same descriptor as the recovery path, which facilitates another (though probably unused) means of recovering the vault output to the recovery path. This has the potential advantage of recovering the coin without ever revealing it was a vault.

Otherwise, the internal key can be chosen to be an unspendable NUMS point to force execution of the taptree contents.

Triggering a withdrawal

To make use of the vault, and spend it towards some output, we construct a spend of the above tr() output that simply replaces the "trigger" leaf with the full leaf-update script (in this case, a timelocked CTV script):

Witness stack:

- <revault-amount>
- <revault-vout-idx> (-1 if none)
- <trigger-vout-idx>
- <target-CTV-hash>
- <trigger-auth-pubkey-signature>
- [ "trigger" leaf script contents ]
- [ taproot control block prompting a script-path spend to "trigger" leaf ]

Output scripts:

[
  tr(<internal-pubkey>,
    leaves = {
      recover:
        <recovery-sPK-hash> OP_VAULT_RECOVER,               <--  unchanged

      trigger:
        <target-CTV-hash> <spend-delay>
        OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY OP_DROP OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY  <--  changed per the
                                                                    leaf-update
                                                                    rules of OP_VAULT
       ... [ possibly other leaves ]
     }
   ),

   [ optional revault output with the
     same sPK as the original vault output ],
]

OP_VAULT has allowed the taptree to be transformed so that the trigger leaf becomes a timelocked CTV script, which is what actually facilitates the announced withdrawal. The withdrawal is interruptible by the recovery path because the "recover" leaf is preserved exactly from the original taptree.

Note that the CTV hash is specified at spend time using the witness stack, and "locked in" via the OP_VAULT spend rules which assert its existence in the output.

The vault funds can be recovered at any time prior to the spend of the timelocked CTV script by way of a script-path spend using the "recover" leaf.

Recovery authorization

When configuring a vault, the user must decide if they want to have the recovery process gated by a script fragment prefixing the OP_VAULT_RECOVER instruction in the "recover" leaf. Its use entails trade-offs.

Unauthorized recovery

Unauthorized recovery simplifies vault use in that recovery never requires additional information aside from the location of the vault outpoints and the recovery path - the "authorization" is simply the reveal of the recovery path, i.e. the preimage of <recovery-sPK-hash>.

But because this reveal is the only authorization necessary to spend the vault coins to recovery, the user must expect to recover all such vaults at once, since an observer can replay this recovery (provided they know the outpoints).

Additionally, unauthorized recovery across multiple distinct recovery paths cannot be done in the same transaction, and fee control is more constrained: because the output structure is limited for unauthorized recovery, fee management relies either on inputs which are completely spent to fees or the use of the optional ephemeral anchor and package relay.

These limitations are to avoid pinning attacks.

Authorized recovery

With authorized recovery, the user must keep track of an additional piece of information: how to solve the recovery authorization script fragment when recovery is required.

If this key is lost, the user will be unable to initiate the recovery process for their coins. If an attacker obtains the recovery key, they may grief the user during the recovery process by constructing a low fee rate recovery transaction and broadcasting it (though they will not be able to pin because of the replaceability requirement on recovery transactions).

However, authorized recovery configurations have significant benefits. Batched recoveries are possible for vaults with otherwise incompatible recovery parameters. Fee management is much more flexible, since authorized recovery transactions are "free form" and unrelated inputs and outputs can be added, potentially to handle fees.

Recommendation: use a simple, offline recovery authorization key seed

The benefits of batching and fee management that authorized recovery provides are significant. If the recovery authorization key falls into the hands of an attacker, the outcome is not catastrophic, whereas if the user loses their recovery authorization key as well as their trigger key, the result is likely coin loss. Consequently, the author's recommendation is to use a simple seed for the recovery authorization key that can be written down offline and replicated.

Note that the recovery authorization key is not the recovery path key, and this is much different than any recommendation on how to generate the recovery path key itself.

Address reuse and recovery

When creating a vault, four factors affect the resulting P2TR address:

1. The internal pubkey (likely belonging to the recovery wallet)
2. The recovery leaf
3. The trigger leaf
4. Any other leaves that exist in the taptree

The end user has the option of varying certain contents along descriptors in order to avoid reusing vault addresses without affecting key management, e.g. the trigger authorization pubkeys.

Note that when using unauthorized recovery, the reveal of the recovery scriptPubKey will allow any observer to initiate the recovery process for any vault with matching recovery params, provided they are able to locate the vault outpoints. As a result, it is recommended to expect that all outputs sharing an identical unauthorized <recovery-sPK-hash> should be recovered together.

This situation can be avoided with a comparable key management model by varying the generation of each vault's recovery scriptPubKey along a single descriptor, but note that this will prevent recovering multiple separate vaults into a single recovery output.

Varying the internal pubkey will prevent batching the trigger of multiple vault inputs into a single trigger output; consequently it is recommended that users instead vary some component of the trigger leaf script if address reuse is undesirable. Users could vary the trigger pubkey along a descriptor, keeping the recovery path and internal-pubkey the same, which both avoids reusing addresses and allows batched trigger and recovery operations.

Recommendation: generate new recovery addresses for new trigger keys

If using unauthorized recovery, it is recommended that you do not share recovery scriptPubKeys across separate trigger keys. If one trigger key is compromised, that will necessitate the (unauthorized) recovery of all vaults with that trigger key, which will reveal the recovery path preimage. This means that an observer might be able to initiate recovery for vaults controlled by an uncompromised trigger key.

Fee management

Fees can be managed in a variety of ways, but it's worth noting that both trigger and recovery transactions must preserve the total value of vault inputs, so vaulted values cannot be repurposed to pay for fees. This does not apply to the withdrawal transaction, which can allocate value arbitrarily.

In the case of vaults that use recovery authorization, all transactions can "bring their own fees" in the form of unrelated inputs and outputs. These transactions are also free to specify ephemeral anchors, once the related relay policies are deployed. This means that vaults using recovery authorization have no dependence on the deploy of v3 relay policy.

For vaults using unauthorized recovery, the recovery transaction relies on the use of either fully-spent fee inputs or an ephemeral anchor output. This means that vaults which do not use recovery authorization are essentially dependent on v3 transaction relay policy being deployed.

Batching

During trigger

OP_VAULT outputs with the same taptree, aside from slightly different trigger leaves, can be batched together in the same withdrawal process. Two "trigger" leaves are compatible if they have the same OP_VAULT arguments.

Note that this allows the trigger authorization -- the script prefixing the OP_VAULT invocation -- to differ while still allowing batching.

Trigger transactions can act on multiple incompatible OP_VAULT input sets, provided each set has a suitable associated triggerOut output.

Since SIGHASH_DEFAULT can be used to sign the trigger authorization, unrelated inputs and outputs can be included, possibly to facilitate fee management or the batch withdrawal of incompatible vaults.

During withdrawal

During final withdrawal, multiple trigger outputs can be used towards the same withdrawal transaction provided that they share identical <target-CTV-hash> parameters. This facilitates batched withdrawals.

During recovery

OP_VAULT_RECOVER outputs with the same <recovery-sPK-hash> can be recovered into the same output.

Recovery-incompatible vaults which have authorized recovery can be recovered in the same transaction, so long as each set (grouped by <recovery-sPK-hash>) has an associated recoveryOut. This allows unrelated recoveries to share common fee management.

Watchtowers

The value of vaults is contingent upon having monitoring in place that will alert the owner when unexpected spends are taking place. This can be done in a variety of ways, with varying degrees of automation and trust in the watchtower.

In the maximum-trust case, the watchtower can be fully aware of all vaulted coins and has the means to initiate the recovery process if spends are not pre-reported to the watchtower.

In the minimum-trust case, the user can supply a probabilistic filter of which coins they wish to monitor; the watchtower would then alert the user if any coins matching the filter move, and the user would be responsible for ignoring false positives and handling recovery initiation.

Output descriptors

Output descriptors for vault-related outputs will be covered in a subsequent BIP.

Deployment

Activation mechanism is to be determined.

This BIP should be deployed concurrently with BIP-0119 to enable full use of vaults.

Backwards compatibility

OP_VAULT and OP_VAULT_RECOVER replace, respectively, the witness v1-only opcodes OP_SUCCESS187 and OP_SUCCESS188 with stricter verification semantics. Consequently, scripts using those opcodes which previously were valid will cease to be valid with this change.

Stricter verification semantics for an OP_SUCCESSx opcode are a soft fork, so existing software will be fully functional without upgrade except for mining and block validation.

Backwards compatibility considerations are very comparable to previous deployments for OP_CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY and OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY (see BIP-0065 and BIP-0112).

Rationale